Mediators of Outcome in Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy with Youth: A Systematic Review.

This article aimed to provide a systematic narrative synthesis of existing studies on the mediators of change in psychotherapy with adolescents (10-19 years) and transition age youth (TAY) (20-29 years) who have experienced trauma-related symptoms or posttraumatic disorder. Additionally, we were interested in identifying psychotherapy-, trauma type-, and clients' age- and gender-specific mediators of treatment outcome. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a total of 3,723 studies published in PubMed and PsycINFO databases were screened against inclusion criteria, revealing 15 eligible studies. No studies with only TAY were found; therefore, all results were limited to therapy with adolescents. Cognitive mediators were tested in 66% of selected studies, followed by parents/family-related, mental-health-related, therapy-related, and behavioral mediators. Moderate evidence was found for posttraumatic cognitions, whereas therapeutic alliance seemed to be a promising candidate for future research. Striking absence of non-cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions, emotional and adolescent-specific mediators, as well as studies with males and in non-Western societies was evident. Future original studies would benefit from applying methodological rigor in respect to mediation testing.

Estilos parentais e vinculação aos pares fazem a diferença nos motivos do consumo de álcool em jovens universitários? / ¿Los estilos parentales y el apego a los compañeros marcan la diferencia en los motivos de consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios? / Do Parenting Styles and Peer Attachment Make a Difference in the Reasons for Alcohol Consumption in University Students?

A literatura suporta a importância da relação entre os jovens e as figuras parentais para um desenvolvimen-to adaptativo, nomeadamente capacidades pró-sociais e menor envolvimento em comportamentos de risco. A qualidade das relações com os pares pode também desempenhar um papel protetor no que respeita ao consumo de álcool. O objetivo deste estudo foca-se na análise do efeito dos estilos parentais e da vinculação aos pares nos motivos de consumo de álcool. Participaram 1.044 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 25 anos (m= 19.78; dp= 1.68). De forma a recolher os dados recorreu-se a um questionário sociodemográfico, ao Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (psdq), ao Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (ippa-peer), ao Drinking Motives Questionnaire ­ Revised (dmq-r) e ao Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (audit). Os resultados apontam para um efeito preditor positivo dos estilos parentais autoritários e permissivos e da alienação aos pares face aos motivos de consumo de álcool e um efeito preditor negativo do estilo parental democrático e de uma vinculação aos pares pautada por comunicação e confiança. As mulheres apresentam maior qualidade relacional com os pares comparativa-mente com os jovens do sexo masculino. Os rapazes apre-sentam uma maior diversidade de motivos de consumo de álcool. Os resultados são discutidos considerando a relevância dos estilos parentais e qualidade das relações com os pares no desenvolvimento pessoal e as motivações dos jovens adultos, em contexto universitário, para a assunção de comportamentos de risco.

La literatura apoya la importancia de la relación entre los jóvenes y las figuras parentales para un desarrollo adaptativo, es decir, habilidades prosociales y menor involucramiento en conductas de riesgo. La calidad de las relaciones con los compañeros también puede desempeñar un papel protector con respecto al consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el efecto de los estilos de crianza y el apego entre pares, sobre las razones para el consumo de alcohol. Participaron 1.044 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 25 años (m= 19.78; ds= 1.68). Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (psdq), el Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (ippa-peer), el Drinking Motives Questionnaire ­ Revised (dmq-r) y el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (audit). Los resultados indican un efecto predictivo positivo de los estilos parentales autoritarios, permisivos y de alienación de los pares ante los motivos del consumo de alcohol, y un efecto predictivo negativo del estilo paren-tal democrático y de apego a los pares basado en la comunicación y la confianza. Las mujeres tienen más calidad relacional con sus compañeros que los hombres jóvenes. Los hombres tienen una mayor diversidad de motivos para el consumo de alcohol. Los resultados se discuten considerando la relevancia de los estilos de crianza y la calidad de las relaciones con los pares en el desarrollo personal, y las motivaciones de los jóvenes en un contexto universitario para asumir con-ductas de riesgo.

The importance of the relationship between young people and their parental figures for adaptative de-velopment has been supported by literature, namely prosocial capacities and less involvement in risk beha-viors. The quality of peer relationships may also play a protective role regarding alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of parenting styles and peer attachment on the reasons for alcohol consumption. Participants were 1.044 university stu-dents of both sexes, between 18 and 25 years of age (m = 19.78; sd = 1.68). For data collection, a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (psdq), the Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (ippa-peer), the Drinking Motives Questionnaire ­ Revised (dmq-r), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (audit) were used. The results reveal a positive predictive effect of negative parenting styles (authoritarian and permissive) and alienation with peers on the reasons for alcohol consumption and a negative predictive impact on democratic parenting style and peer attachment ba-sed on communication and trust. Women have a better relational quality with their peers compared to males. Men have a greater diversity of reasons for consuming alcohol. Results are discussed considering the relevance of parenting styles, the quality of peer relationships in personal development, and the motivations of young adults, in a university context, for risk-taking behavior.

Young People Who Meaningfully Improve Are More Likely to Mutually Agree to End Treatment.

Objective: Symptom improvement is often examined as an indicator of a good outcome of accessing mental health services. However, there is little evidence of whether symptom improvement is associated with other indicators of a good outcome, such as a mutual agreement to end treatment. The aim of this study was to examine whether young people accessing mental health services who meaningfully improved were more likely to mutually agree to end treatment. Methods: Multilevel multinomial regression analysis controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and referral source was conducted on N = 8,995 episodes of care [Female = 5,469, 61%; meanAge = 13.66 (SD = 2.87) years] using anonymised administrative data from young people's mental health services. Results: Compared to young people with no change in mental health difficulties, those showing positive meaningful changes in mental health difficulties were less likely to have case closure due to non-mutual agreement (Odds Ratio or OR = 0.58, 95% Confidence Interval or CI = 0.50-0.61). Similarly, they were less likely to transfer (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.49-0.74) or end treatment for other reasons (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.50-0.70) than by case closure due to mutual agreement. Conclusion: The findings suggest that young people accessing mental health services whose symptoms meaningfully improve are more likely to mutually agree to end treatment, adding to the evidence that symptom improvement may be appropriate to examine as an indicator of a good outcome of accessing mental health services.

Estilos parentais e comportamento desviante: papel mediador do consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários / Parenting styles and deviant behavior: Mediating role of alcohol consumption among university students

Resumo As relações existentes com as figuras parentais revelam-se importantes para os jovens adultos no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de estratégias de coping adequadas e de competências sociais. A presença de um estilo parental democrático parece minimizar o envolvimento dos filhos em comportamentos de risco, nomeadamente o consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos estilos parentais no risco de consumo de álcool e no desenvolvimento de outros comportamentos adictivos e autodestrutivos em estudantes universitários. A amostra foi constituída por 1044 jovens, dos quais 277 (26.5%) do sexo masculino e 767 (73.5%) do sexo feminino. Todos os participantes tinham idades compreendias entre os 18 e 25 anos (M=19.78; DP=1.68). Recorreu-se a um questionário sociodemográfico e a instrumentos de autorrelato, nomeadamente o Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (PSDQ), o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) e a Escala de Comportamentos Desviantes (ECD). Os resultados apontam para um efeito preditor dos estilos parentais negativos (autoritário e permissivo) face ao comportamento adictivo e autodestrutivo dos jovens. Verificou-se ainda, o papel mediador do consumo de álcool na associação entre os estilos parentais negativos e o comportamento adictivo e autodestrutivo.

Abstract The relationships w ith p arental fi gures are important for young adults in t he d eveloping of appropriated coping strategies and social skills. The presence of a democratic parenting style seems to minimize the involvement of the children in risk behaviors, namely the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. The present study aims to analyze the role of parenting styles in the risk of alcohol consumption, as also the development of additive and self-destructive behavior in university students. The sample consisted of 1044 young people, of whom 277 (26.5%) were male and 767 (73.5%) were female. All participants were between 18 and 25 years of old (M=19.78; SD=1.68). Were used a sociodemographic questionnaire and self-report instruments, namely the Parenting Styles & Dimensions Questionnaire: Short Version (PSDQ), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Deviant Behavior Scale (ECD). The results point to a predictive effect of negative parenting styles (authoritarian and permissive) in relation to the additive and self-destructive behavior of the university students. The mediating role of alcohol consumption in the association between negative parenting styles and additive and self-destructive behavior was also verified.

Validation of a Portuguese version of the Aspiration Index for adolescents (AI)

Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and their importance on both developmental and educational practices has led to the development of assessment tools. The Aspiration Index scale (AI; Grouzet et al., 2005), which was developed to measure people's life aspirations, was translated and validated into Portuguese. A sample of 1,359 adolescents, age ranged from 12 to 18 years-old, participated in the present study. Results showed that a factor structure with the eleven subscales of the AI does not fit the data. However we gathered support for a three-factor structure that organized the items in terms of whether aspirations are intrinsically, extrinsically or self-transcendent oriented. Internal consistency and temporal stability yielded good results. The predictive and criterion validities were demonstrated by significant associations with theoretically supported measures of satisfaction with life and father and mother attachment. The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that this structure was invariant across gender. These results suggest that the AI is a reliable measure to assess different types of life aspirations and can be used in future research with adolescents in Portugal

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Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Adaptação da Versão Portuguesa de Heterorrelato / Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Adaption of the Observer Reporting Version to the Portuguese Population / Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire - Adaptación de la Versión Portuguesa de Heteroinforme

Resumo O presente estudo procura analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) e adaptar para a população portuguesa a sua versão de heterorrelato. A amostra foi constituída por 604 adolescentes com idades entre os 15 e os 18 anos (M=15.99, DP=.97). A confiabilidade foi avaliada através do alfa de Cronbach, que revelou índices de .86/.81 para a totalidade do instrumento na versão do pai e da mãe respetivamente, e índices que variaram entre .48A85 para as respetivas subescalas. A análise fatorial confirmatória evidenciou que os índices de ajustamento apresentaram valores desajustados. Confirmou-se a estrutura original do instrumento organizada em três fatores mediante as análises de componentes principais que revelaram a presença de um item do estilo permissivo a saturar noutro fator. Através da análise semântica deste item e da sua respetiva reorganização, verificaram-se índices de ajustamento adequados. Propõe-se a nova estrutura fatorial do PSDQ por se considerar que é mais ajustada à cultura portuguesa.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and adapts its observer reporting version to the Portuguese population. The sample consisted of 604 adolescents 15 to 18 years old (M=15.99, SD=.97). Reliability as measured by Cronbach's alpha revealed indices of .86/.81 for the totality of the instrument in the father and mother version respectively, with indices that varied between .48A85 for the respective subscales. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated mismatched values for the goodness of fit indices. The analysis of principal components study confirmed the original structure of the instrument organized in three factors that revealed the presence of a permissive item saturating into another factor. Semantic analysis of this item and its respective reorganization verified adequate goodness of fit indices. The new factor structure of the PSDQ is proposed as more adjusted to the Portuguese culture.

Resumen El presente estudio busca analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) y adaptar su versión de heterorrelato a la población portuguesa. La muestra se constituyó por 604 adolescentes con edades entre los 15 y los 18 años (M=15.99,dP=.97). La fiabilidade se evaluó por medio del alfa de Cronbach, que reveló índices de .86/.81 para la totalidad del instrumento en la versión del padre y de la madre respectivamente, e índices que variaron entre .48A85 para las respectivas subescalas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció que los índices de ajustamiento presentaron valores desajustados. Se confirmó la estructura original del instrumento organizada en tres factores mediante los análisis de componentes principales que revelaron la presencia de un ítem del estilo permisivo a saturar en otro factor. Por medio del análisis semántico de este ítem y su respectiva reorganización, se verificaron índices de ajustamiento adecuados. Se plantea la nueva estructura factorial del PSDQ porque se considera que es más ajustada a la cultura portuguesa.

Relación parental, autoestima y sintomatologia depresiva en jóvenes adultos. Implicaciones de los conflictos interparentales, coalición y triangulación / Parental relationships, self-esteem and depressive symptoms in young adults. Implications of interparental conflicts, coalition and triangulation

El presente estudio se propone examinar la asociación entre la calidad de la relación con los padres, la autoestima y la sintomatología depresiva, en una muestra de 584 jóvenes portugueses entre 18 y 30 años de edad. También se evalúa el papel mediador de los conflictos, en la asociación entre la calidad de la relación con los padres y la autoestima. La evaluación se ha hecho mediante los instrumentos Network Relationship Inventory, Children's Perception oflnterparental Conflict Scale, Loyalty Conflict Scale, Self-Esteem Scale y Depression Scale. Los resultados determinan que la calidad de la relación con ambos padres disminuye el efecto del conflicto interparental, tal como de la coalición y la triangulación a los hijos. Para la madre, los conflictos ejercen un papel mediador entre la calidad de la relación con la madre y la autoestima. Los conflictos ejercen también un efecto negativo en la sintomatología depresiva. En el padre, se verifica una mediación de la autoestima por parte de la calidad de la relación con el padre y la sintomatología depresiva. El estudio destaca la necesidad de intervención en las competencias de los padres, para prevenir el desarrollo psicopatológico en los jóvenes.

The present study examines the associations between quality of relationships with parents, self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in a sample of584 Portuguese young adults, 18 to 30 aged. In addition, it tests the mediating role of interparental conflict in the association between quality of the relationship with parents and self-esteem. Evaluation was done through the Network Relationship Inventory, the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Loyalty Conflict Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale and the Depression Scale. The results indicated that the quality of the relationship with both parents decreases the effect of interparental conflict such as coalition and triangulation in young adults. Interparental conflict plays a mediating role between the quality of mother relationship and self-esteem. The conflicts have a negative effect on depression. Regarding the father relationship, self-esteem plays a meditating role in the association between quality of father relationship and depressive symptomatology. The study emphasizes intervention in parenting competencies to prevent psychopathology in youth development.

Padres, profesores y pares: contribuciones para la autoestima y coping en los adolescentes / Parents, teachers and peers: contributions to self-esteem and coping in adolescents

En consonancia con la teoría del apego, la calidad de la relación con figuras significativas juegan un papel clave en el desarrollo psicosocial, contribuyendo, entre otras cosas, para el desarrollo de la autoestima y estrategias de coping. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la contribución diferencial de variables relacionales (incluidas las relaciones con los padres, pares y profesores) en la predicción de la autoestima y coping en una muestra de 216 adolescentes, entre 14 y 16 años y de ambos sexos. El apego a los padres, las relaciones con los pares y con profesores revelaron diferentes configuraciones de las variables en la explicación de la autoestima y coping. La autoestima es positivamente predicha por la calidad de lazo emocional y negativamente por la inhibición de la exploración y la individualidad en la vinculación a los padres. El coping activo es positivamente predicho por la autoestima y la relación a los pares. Se observó un efecto positivo e indirecto de la calidad del lazo emocional en el coping activo a través de la autoestima y la relación a los pares. La relación con los pares parece ser mejorada por la calidad de la relación con los profesores. Los resultados serán discutidos en función de la teoría del apego y de acuerdo con una perspectiva ecológica del desarrollo

Consistent with attachment theory, the quality of relationships with significant figures plays a vital role in psychosocial development, contributing, among other aspects, to the development of coping and self-esteem. The purpose of this study is to determine the differential contribution of relational variables (namely relationship with parents, peers and teachers) in predicting coping and self-esteem in a sample of 216 adolescents, 14 to 19 aged, from both genders. Parental attachment, relationships with peers and with teachers evidence different configurations in explaining self-esteem and coping variables. Self-esteem is predicted positively by quality of emotional bond and negatively by parental inhibition of exploration and individuality. Active coping is predicted positively by self-esteem and attachment to peers. However there is an indirect and positive effect of quality of emotional bond in active coping, through self-esteem and peers attachment. Relationship with peers is increased by quality of relationship with teachers. Results are discussed according to attachment theory and an ecological perspective of development

Psychometric properties of the social skills questionnaire: Portuguese adaptation of the student form (grade 7 to 12)

The present study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the student form (Grades 7 to 12) of the Social Skills Questionnaire authored by Gresham and Elliott (1990), on a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Participants included 573 students, both female and male, aged 14 to 19. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha and was .87 for the total scale, ranging from .58 to .72 for the subscales. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the main adjustment indices presented unexpected values. A principal components analysis indicated that several items of the cooperation subscale correlated with other factors. Adequate adjustment indices were found when cooperation was removed from the model. Semantic dualities due to cultural factors and difficulties assuming the cooperation dimension as an independent dimension might explain the results observed. The reorganization of the SSQ offers a reliable and valid instrument for research within the Portuguese population (AU)

El presente estudio ha tenido como objetivo el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Habilidades Sociales (QHS) de Gresham y Elliott (1990), en la versión para estudiantes del 7º al 12º grado escolar. La muestra está compuesta por 573 estudiantes con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 19 años de ambos sexos. El análisis de consistencia interna con las dimensiones originales del cuestionario ha revelado un alpha de Cronbach total de .87 y alphas parciales entre .58 y .72. Un primer análisis factorial confirmatorio ha revelado índices inadecuados de ajuste comparativo con el modelo original. El análisis factorial exploratorio en componentes principales confirma una dispersión de los ítems de la dimensión cooperación. La eliminación de la dimensión cooperación mejora substancialmente los índices de ajuste en el análisis confirmatorio posterior. Entre las posibles explicaciones barajadas destacan: las dualidades semánticas, debidas a factores culturales y a dificultades en asumir como independiente la dimensión cooperación. La reorganización del QHS aporta un instrumento válido y fiable para la investigación en la población portuguesa (AU)